This
market report summarizes the results of HTStec’s 3rd industry-wide global
web-based benchmarking survey on three dimensional (3D) cell culture
technologies carried out in July 2013. The study was initiated by HTStec as
part of its ongoing tracking of this fast moving technology and emerging marketplace,
and to update its previous report (published November 2011). The main
objectives of this global benchmarking study were to comprehensively document
continuing interest in, experience gained and progress made in applying 3D cell
culture technologies in academic research, drug discovery and tissue
engineering/regenerative medicine settings, and to understand their future
purchasing preferences.
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The survey
looked at the following aspects of 3D cell culture as practiced to date (2013)
and in a few cases as predicted for the future (2015): current level of
adoption (% all cell culture wells processed) of 3D cell culture technologies;
areas where interest in 3D cell culture is primarily focused; type of 3D structure
most interest in generating in culture; main intended applications of 3D cell
culture; opinion on statements about 3D cell culture; most important advantages
of 3D cell culture; approaches that have demonstrated most promise to date in
facilitating 3D cell culture; vessel formats a 3D scaffold/matrix must have
compatibility with; requirements for different types of 3D scaffold; different
cell types used for 3D cell culture work; number of 3D wells per assay or
project; total number of 3D wells per year; whether any high throughput
(primary) screens using 3D technologies have been run to date; where 3D cell
culture will make the biggest impact over the coming years; assay types
successfully demonstrated using cells within a 3D matrix/structure; analytical
technologies that have been applied to 3D cell culture today; how aspects of
existing plate readers/imaging systems rate for use in the routine
assay/detection/ interrogation of 3D cell culture derived structures; the most
important tasks to automate in 3D cell culture; opinion on statements related
to automating 3D cell culture; awareness of approaches/platforms used for the
automation of 3D cell culture and tissue production/fabrication; interest in
outsourcing 3D cell culture; interest in purchasing some assay-ready 3D
constructs and outsourced 3D services; vendors that first comes to mind when
you think of assay-ready 3D constructs and outsourced 3D services; interest in
3D organotypic microtissue models; level of success achieved with 3D cell
culture; realistic adoption period for a new 3D scaffold; main barriers to the
adoption of a new 3D matrix; whether 3D cell culture has reached its full
market potential yet and what is still missing or where are the
gaps/limitations in current 3D offerings; the relationship between spending on
3D consumable technologies versus other cell culture spending; budget for 3D
cell culture consumables and its breakdown into components; 3D consumables most
likely to be purchased in the future; suppliers of consumables and/or
instruments that first come to mind and those most purchased from; and budget
allocation to purchase new equipment to enable 3D culture.
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The main
questionnaire consisted of 30 multi-choice questions and 2 open-ended
questions. In addition, there were 5 questions related solely to the
administration of survey. The survey collected 154 validated responses, of
these 53% provided comprehensive input. Survey responses were geographically
split: 46% Europe; 31% North America; 12% Asia (excluding Japan); 6% Japan; and
5% Rest of World.
Respondents
came from 83 University/Research Institute/Not-for-Profit Facilities; 21
Pharma; 15 Biotechs: 9 Other Organizations; 9 Hospitals/Clinics/Medical
Schools; 5 Regen Med/Cell Therapy/Tissue Engineering Companies; 4 CROs; 3
Cosmetics Companies; 2 Government/Military/Defense Facilities; 2 Diagnostics
Companies; and 1 Biomanufacturing/Bioprocessing Company. Most survey
respondents had a senior job role or position which was in descending order: 22
professors/ assistant professors; 19 research scientists; 18 principal
investigators; 16 others; 16 senior scientists/researchers; 11 department
heads; 11 lab managers; 10 directors; 9 graduate/PhD students; and 8 post-docs.
Respondents
represented labs with the following main activity: 37 cancer research; 31 basic
research; 27 drug discovery; 13 tissue/organ engineering; 10 preclinical
research/ADME/toxicology; 9 stem cell biology; 8 regenerative medicine; 6
other; 6 cell therapy; 5 clinical research; and 1 developmental biology. Survey
results were expressed as an average of all survey respondents. In addition,
were appropriate the data was reanalyzed after sub-division into the following
5 survey groups: 1) Academic Research; 2) Drug Discovery; 3) Tissue Engineering
& Regenerative Medicine; 4) Europe; and 5) North America. The median level
of adoption was 30% of all cell culture wells processed involved a 3D
technology.
The 3D
structure respondents were most interested in generating in cell culture was
spheroids. The main application investigated using 3D cell culture was cancer
therapy. The level of agreement with some statements about 3D cell culture and
3D automation was recorded. Better mirrors the environment experienced by
normal cells in the body was rated the most important advantage of 3D cell
culture.
Hydrogel
scaffolds were ranked as the approach that had demonstrated most promise to
date in facilitating 3D cell culture. The 3D scaffold format most wanted was
compatibility with the 96-well microplate. The median requirements for 3D
scaffolds with different types of properties were recorded. Greatest use was
made of transformed or recombinant cell lines in 3D cell culture work today
(2013). The median typical size of an assay or project in 3D cell culture was
50 assay wells today (2013). The median number of assay wells setup per year
with a 3D matrix was 200 today (2013).
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The
majority have not run any high throughput (primary) screens using 3D cell
culture to date. Cancer therapy was the application area where 3D cell culture
is expected to make the greatest impact. The assay type most used/investigated
in a 3D cell culture matrix today (2013) was cell proliferation and cell
viability. The analytical technologies most applied in 3D culture today (2013)
were fluorescence microscopy, brightfield/phase contrast microscopy and plate
readers. All aspects of existing plate readers/imaging systems were at best
rated only moderately adequate, suggesting none performed as desired.
Respondent
feedback on the most important tasks to automate with 3D cell culture and the
challenges they pose for automation were documented. Of some approaches to the
automation of 3D cell culture respondents were most aware of: InSphero’s
GravityPLUS™ platform; Corning® Costar® ultra-low attachment 96-well plates;
Reinnervate’s Alvetex® 96-well plates; and 3D Biomatrix’s Perfecta3D™384-well
plates. Only a minority of respondents have outsourced 3D cell culture or
related activity to date (2013). Ready-made kits for specific cell-based assays
developed within a 3D matrix were the 3D product or service respondents were
most interested in accessing. InSphero most comes to mind when thinking of
assay-ready 3D constructs and outsourced services.
The 3D
organotypic microtissue models respondents would like to see offered were
documented with respect to organ or tissue, source, disease status required,
and reasonable price for 96 tissues. 39% of respondents rated their success
achieved with 3D cell culture as major (significant improvement). The median
realistic adoption period for a new 3D scaffold was 6-9 months. Budget
constraints – can’t afford to change formats, was rated as the main barrier to
the adoption of a new 3D matrix. The majority think that 3D cell culture has
not yet reached its full potential, feedback on what is still missing or where
there are gaps/limitations in current 3D offerings were documented.
Around
half of respondents total cell culture spending was still allocated to 2D cell
culture. The median budget allocated for spending on 3D cell culture
consumables today (2013) was $10K-$25K. The biggest proportion of this budget
was allocated to hydrogel 3D scaffolds. A bottom-up model was developed around
the respondent’s spending on 3D cell culture consumables to estimate the global
market. In 2013 this market was estimated to be around $75M. Segmentation and
CAGR estimates are given in the full report. Hydrogel 3D scaffolds (purchased
separate of culture vessel) and microplates designed to encourage spheroid
generation were the 3D consumables respondents were most interested in purchasing.
BD
Bioscience was the supplier of 3D cell culture consumables that first comes to
the mind. The most purchased from 3D cell culture consumables suppliers were BD
Bioscience, Corning and InSphero. Combined these 3 suppliers have around 50%
market share. The median budget allocated for spending on 3D cell culture
instruments today (2013) was <$5K. The full report provides the data,
details of the breakdown of the responses for each question, its segmentation
and the estimates for the future (2015). It also highlights some interesting
differences between the survey groups, particularly Academic Research versus
Drug Discovery or Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine.
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